Extending the namespace std

 

C++

Language

Standard Library Headers

Freestanding and hosted implementations

Named requirements

Language support library

Concepts library (C++20)

Diagnostics library

Utilities library

Strings library

Containers library

Iterators library

Ranges library (C++20)

Algorithms library

Numerics library

Input/output library

Localizations library

Regular expressions library (C++11)

Atomic operations library (C++11)

Thread support library (C++11)

Filesystem library (C++17)

Technical Specifications

 

C++ language

General topics
Preprocessor Comments	Keywords Escape sequences
Flow control
Conditional execution statements
if	switch
Iteration statements (loops)
for range-for (C++11)	while do-while
Jump statements
continue - break	goto - return
Functions
Function declaration
Lambda function declaration
inline specifier
Exception specifications (until C++20)
noexcept specifier (C++11)
Exceptions
throw-expression	try-catch block
Namespaces
Namespace declaration	Namespace aliases
Types
Fundamental types Enumeration types Function types	Compound types Union types
Specifiers
decltype (C++11) auto (C++11) alignas (C++11)	const/volatile constexpr (C++11)
Storage duration specifiers
Initialization
Default initialization Value initialization Zero initialization Copy initialization Direct initialization	Aggregate initialization List initialization (C++11) Constant initialization Reference initialization

Expressions
Value categories Order of evaluation	Operators Operator precedence
Alternative representations
Literals
Boolean - Integer - Floating-point
Character - String - nullptr (C++11)
User-defined (C++11)
Utilities
Attributes (C++11)
Types
typedef declaration
Type alias declaration (C++11)
Casts
Implicit conversions - Explicit conversions
static_cast - dynamic_cast
const_cast - reinterpret_cast
Memory allocation
new expression	delete expression
Classes
Class declaration Initializer lists this pointer	Access specifiers friend specifier
Class-specific function properties
Virtual function override specifier (C++11) final specifier (C++11)	explicit (C++11) static
Special member functions
Default constructor Copy constructor Move constructor (C++11)	Copy assignment Move assignment (C++11) Destructor
Templates
Class template Function template	Template specialization Parameter packs (C++11)
Miscellaneous
Inline assembly	History of C++

 

Adding declarations to std

It is undefined behavior to add declarations or definitions to namespace std or to any namespace nested within std, with a few exceptions noted below

#include <utility>
namespace std {
    // a function definition added to namespace std: undefined behavior
    pair<int, int> operator+(pair<int, int> a, pair<int, int> b) {
        return {a.first+b.first, a.second+b.second};
    }
}

Adding template specializations

It is allowed to add template specializations for any standard library class (since C++20)template to the namespace std only if the declaration depends on at least one program-defined type and the specialization satisfies all requirements for the original template, except where such specializations are prohibited.

// Get the declaration of the primary std::hash template.
// We are not permitted to declare it ourselves.
// <typeindex> is guaranteed to provide such a declaration, 
// and is much cheaper to include than <functional>.
 
#include <typeindex> 
 
// Specialize std::hash so that MyType can be used as a key in 
// std::unordered_set and std::unordered_map
namespace std {
    template <> struct hash<MyType> {
      std::size_t operator()(const MyType& t) const { return t.hash(); }
    };
}

• It is undefined behavior to declare a full specialization of any member function of a standard library class template

• It is undefined behavior to declare a full specialization of any member function template of a standard library class or class template

• It is undefined behavior to declare a full or partial specialization of any member class template of a standard library class or class template.

• It is undefined behavior to declare a full or partial specialization of any standard library variable template.

• None of the templates defined in <type_traits> may be specialized for a program-defined type, except for std::common_type. This includes the type traits and the class template std::integral_constant.

• Specializing the template std::complex for any type other than float, double, and long double is unspecified.

• Specializations of std::hash for program-defined types must satisfy Hash requirements.

• Specializations of std::atomic must have a deleted copy constructor, a deleted copy assignment operator, and a constexpr value constructor.

• Specializations of std::shared_ptr and std::weak_ptr must be CopyConstructible and CopyAssignable. In addition, specializations of std::shared_ptr must be LessThanComparable, and convertible to bool.

• Specializations of std::istreambuf_iterator must have a trivial copy constructor, a constexpr default constructor, and a trivial destructor.

• Specializations of std::numeric_limits must define all members declared static constexpr in the primary template, in such a way that they are usable as integral constant expressions.

std::unary_function and std::binary_function may not be specialized.

(until C++17)

Explicit instantiation of templates

It is allowed to explicitly instantiate a class (since C++20)template defined in the standard library only if the declaration depends on the name of at least one program-defined type and the instantiation meets the standard library requirements for the original template.

Other restrictions

The namespace std may not be declared as an inline namespace.

Addressable functions

The behavior of a C++ program is unspecified (possibly ill-formed) if it explicitly or implicitly attempts to form a pointer, reference (for free functions and static member functions) or pointer-to-member (for non-static member functions) to the a standard library function or an instantiation of a standard library function template, unless it is designated an addressable function. The only addressable functions in the standard library are I/O manipulators that are functions (or instantiations of function templates) taking a reference to a stream as their only argument, e.g. std::endl, std::boolalpha. Following code was well-defined in C++17, but leads to unspecified behaviors and possibly fails to compile since C++20: #include <cmath> #include <memory> int main() { auto fptr0 = &std::betaf; // by unary operator& auto fptr1 = std::addressof(std::betal) // by std::addressof auto fptr2 = std::riemann_zetaf; // by function-to-pointer implicit conversion auto &fref = std::riemann_zetal; // forming a reference auto mfptr = &std::allocator<int>::allocate; // forming a pointer to member function }

(since C++20)